2025 was the year intelligence became infrastructure. This review traces how AI moved beyond software into energy-bound, agentic, and industrial systems that now shape work, capital, governance, and global power—marking a permanent shift in how societies organize cognition and decision-making at scale.

2025 wasn’t a year of incremental progress. It was the moment multiple physical frontiers crossed irreversible thresholds at once. Fusion became repeatable and net-positive. Quantum computing moved from theory to operational advantage. Space launch cadence hit escape velocity. Autonomous systems became doctrine. These shifts were measured in watts, megajoules, kilometers, and seconds—and they permanently reshaped civilization’s physical substrate.